# Citations

All series plotted on this site were downloaded from public palaeoclimate archives on 12 September 2026.

## Plotted

1. Charman, D.J., Blundell, A., Chiverrell, R.C., Hendon, D. and Langdon, P.G. (2006). Compilation of non-annually resolved Holocene proxy climate records: stacked Holocene peatland palaeo-water table reconstructions from northern Britain. *Quaternary Science Reviews* 25, 336–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.05.005  
   Data: NOAA WDS Paleoclimatology https://doi.org/10.25921/hvwa-v603

2. Charman, D.J. and Hendon, D. (2000). Long-term changes in soil water tables over the past 4500 years. *Climatic Change* 47, 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005673624994  
   Data: NOAA WDS Paleoclimatology https://doi.org/10.25921/hjwh-de60

3. McDermott, F., Frisia, S., Huang, Y. et al. (1999). Holocene climate variability in Europe: evidence from δ18O, textural and extension-rate variations in three speleothems. *Quaternary Science Reviews* 18, 1021–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00107-3  
   Data: SISAL v3 / NOAA https://doi.org/10.25921/zpm6-m889  
   Note: the 2001 laser δ18O anomaly at 8.2 ka in CC3 is an analytical artefact (McDermott et al., Science erratum 2005).

4. Alley, R.B. (2000). The Younger Dryas cold interval as viewed from central Greenland. *Quaternary Science Reviews* 19, 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00062-1  
   Data: NOAA WDS Paleoclimatology https://doi.org/10.25921/36sb-3355

5. Bond, G. et al. (2001). Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene. *Science* 294, 2130–2136. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065680  
   Data: NOAA WDS Paleoclimatology https://doi.org/10.25921/bgvh-nb23

6. Steinhilber, F., Beer, J. and Fröhlich, C. (2009). Total solar irradiance during the Holocene. *Geophysical Research Letters* 36, L19704. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040142  
   Data: NOAA WDS Paleoclimatology https://doi.org/10.25921/hp22-h866

7. Mauri, A., Davis, B.A.S., Collins, P.M. and Kaplan, J.O. (2015). The climate of Europe during the Holocene: a gridded pollen-based reconstruction and its multi-proxy evaluation. *Quaternary Science Reviews* 112, 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.01.013  
   Data: NOAA WDS Paleoclimatology study 18317, EPOCH-2 GeoTIFFs at 51°N, 2°W. https://doi.org/10.25921/gkkq-b461  
   Used for the Stonehenge headline (v0.2). Anomalies added to Boscombe Down 1971–2000 means (Met Office). Annual precipitation GeoTIFF not used; seasonal mm day⁻¹ fields only.

8. Langdon, P.G., Barber, K.E. and Lomas-Clarke, S.H. (2004). Reconstructing climate and environmental change in northern England through chironomid and pollen analyses: evidence from Talkin Tarn, Cumbria. *Journal of Paleolimnology* 32, 197–213. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOPL.0000029433.85764.a5  
   Data: Temperature 12k / NOAA TalkinTarn.Langdon.2004

9. Barber, K., Brown, A., Langdon, P. and Hughes, P. (2013). Comparing and cross-validating lake and bog palaeoclimatic records. *Journal of Paleolimnology* 49, 561–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-012-9656-8  
   Data: Temperature 12k / NOAA BiglandTarn.Barber.2013

10. Taylor, K.J., McGinley, S., Potito, A.P., Molloy, K. and Beilman, D.W. (2018). A mid to late Holocene chironomid-inferred temperature record from northwest Ireland. *Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology* 505, 274–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.06.006  
    Data: Temperature 12k / NOAA LoughMeenachrinna.Taylor.2018

11. Leuschner, H.H., Sass-Klaassen, U., Jansma, E., Baillie, M.G.L. and Spurk, M. (2002). Subfossil European bog oaks: population dynamics and long-term growth depressions. *The Holocene* 12, 695–706. https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683602hl584rp  
    Events only (no public annual-count file): generation changes ~4000, ~2500 and ~2000 BC.

12. Boswijk, G. (2002). NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology — Boswijk — Thorne Moors TM01 T24 — QUSP — ITRDB BRIT036. NOAA NCEI. https://doi.org/10.25921/ka3y-zn55  
    Site oak ring-width chronology, 5726–4966 cal yr BP (3776–3016 BC). Plotted as 5-year means. Hydrology / stand conditions, not temperature.

13. Bebchuk, T. et al. (2026). An absolutely dated mid-Holocene English yew chronology. *The Holocene*. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836251407634  
    Yew TRW absolutely dated 2668–2213 BC. Annual climate file not public; span marked on the viewer.

14. Bebchuk, T. et al. (2025). Tree-ring stable isotopes reveal a hydroclimate shift in eastern England around 4.2 ka ago. *Geophysical Research Letters* 52, e2024GL114313. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL114313  
    Hydroclimate in two blocks ~3274–2863 and ~2662–2245 BC. Yew disappearance ~4200 cal BP attributed to relative sea-level rise, flooding and a wet/negative-NAO phase.

## Discussed, not plotted

- Kaufman, D. et al. (2020). A global database of Holocene paleotemperature records. *Scientific Data* 7, 115. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0445-3
- Roland, T.P. et al. (2014). Was there a ‘4.2 ka event’ in Great Britain and Ireland? *Quaternary Science Reviews* 83, 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.10.024
- Charman, D.J. (2010). Centennial climate variability in the British Isles during the mid–late Holocene. *Quaternary Science Reviews* 29, 1539–1554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.017
- Bevan, A. et al. (2017). Holocene fluctuations in human population demonstrate repeated links to food production and climate. *PNAS* 114, E10524–E10531. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1709190114